Courses

Course Title : Analysis in Science & Technology Policy

Course No. : SP 601 (compulsory)

Faculty Incharge : Dr. Pranav N. Desai

Mode of Evaluation : 1. A term paper on a selected problem (40%)

2. Seminar presentation (30%)

3. Book Reviews (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This course has been designed to cater to the needs of research scholars at advanced level preparing for their doctoral thesis in the area of science policy studies and serves variety of purposes. It exposes students to various socioeconomic and political dimensions of S&T,and at the same time through applied skills, seeks to solve social problems. It has been conceived under certain assumptions as : Science and technology have, in modern times become a force of almost all-pervasive character. This realization is being reflected in the accelerated growth of funding, human resource and activities of scientific enterprise since the fifties. The issues involving S&T have been appearing with increasing frequency on the national as well as international agenda along with emergence of science policy and planning organization. The increasing complexities of science-society-nature interrelationship is not only going to have implications for scientists, administrators and planners of science and science policy analyst but also the common people. The main focus of this course is intended to be on India and the developing countries.

Science Policy Studies in Historical Perspective, Changing Nature of Science, Technology and Society and their Interrelationship, Approaches to Science Policy (Anthropological, Epistemological, Empiricist/Scientometric and Critical/Ethical Approach).

Coordination, Promotion, Regulation, Twin Responsibility for Social and S&T Development

Components and Levels Information and the Role of Information Technology Revolution, Integration of Objectives, Evaluation of Priorities, Taxonomy of S&T Organization, Concepts & Historical Perspective on Technology Assessment and Forecasting (TATF). Role of TATF, Relevance of TATF to the Developing Countries, Ethical Issues and Overall Socioeconomic TATF.

4. Political Dimensions of Science Policy Structure in India Evaluation of Apex Science Policy Body, S&T in Parliament, State S&T Councils

Determinants, Evolution of Innovation Policy, Generation, Selection Absorption and Diffusion of Technology

6. Interaction between S&T and Economic Polices, Sectoral Policies such as Agriculture, Industry, Health and Environment, Defense, Space, Ocean, Etc., S&T Plans.

8. International Cooperation & Competition Rationale, Types of S & T Cooperation, Current Issues (International Patent Regime, WTO, Labour Standards, Convention on Biodiversity, etc.).

9. A Comparative Perspective on Science Policies and Strategies S & T Policies in Major Developed Countries, Issues and Trends in Developing Countries

10. S&T Policy Instruments and Implementation Science Policy Resolution(1958) Technology Policy Statement (1983), A Draft Paper for New Technology Policy (1993), Technology Mission.

Bastos, Maria-Ines(1996), “Science and Technology Policies in Developing Countries : A Political Analysis of Latin American Practice and Prospects”, Science, Technology and Society, Vol.1 No.2, July-December 1996, pp.225-247.

Bhagavan, M.R. (1990), Technological Advance in the Third World: Strategies and Prospects (Zed Books Ltd. London)

Caldwell Lynton Keith (1984), International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Duke Press Policy Studies, Durham, North Carolina).

Cooper, Charles (1978) Science, Technology and Development: The Political Economy of Technological Advance in Underdeveloped Countries (Frank Crass, London).

Desai P.N. (1982), “Administration of International Cooperation in Indian Agricultural Research” Agricultural Administration (Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, Vol. 10, No.1, May 1982), pp. 12-22.

Desai P.N. (1990), Regional Perspective on Science, Technology and Industrial Development in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab” Technology for Development : Perspective on Northern India. Vol. 1 edited by S. B. Rangnekar et al (CRRID, Chandigarh, 1990), pp. 10-16.

Desai P.N. (1993), “Ocean Resource Planning”, Yojana (Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , New Delhi, July 31, 1993), pp.6-7.

Desai P.N. (1997), Science Technology and International Cooperation (Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi).

Giovanni Dosi et al (eds) (1998), Technical Change and Economic Theory (Pinter Publishers, London/New York).

Greenberg, Daniel S.(1969), The Politics of American Science (Harmandsworth, Ponguin Books)

Hughes, Kirsty (1988), “The Interpretation and Measurement of R & D Intensity”. Research Policy, Vol. 17, No. 5, October 1988, pp. 301-307.

Iyengar, M.S. (1964), “Some Observations on Scientific policy Resolution and its Implementation”, Vijan Karmee, Vol. 16, No.3, March 1964, pp 3-10.

Juma, Calestous; Ojwang, Jackton B. (eds) (1989) Innovation and Sovereignty: The Patent Debate in Africa Development Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies.

Mansell, Robin and Uta When (eds) (1998), Knowledge Societies: Information Technology for Sustainable Development (Oxford University Press, New York).

Naidu, P.K. (1967), “Science Policy and its Implementation (Crisis in science policy I)”, Mainstream, Vol.5, No.35, April 129, 1967, pp.29-30, 38.

Naidu, P.K. (1967) “Spotlight on CSIR (Science policy in Crisis II)”, Mainstream, Vol.5, No.36, May 6, 1967 pp. 31-32.

Rahman A. and K.D. Sharma (eds) (1974), Science Policy Studies (Somaiya publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Rangarao, B.V. (1976), “Evolution of Apex Science Policy Body in India, National Herald, March 3 and April 1, 1976, p.5.

Sheinin Y. (1978), Science Policy : Problems and Trends (Progress Publishers, Moscow).

UNESCO (1979), An Introduction to Policy Analysis in Science and Technology (UNESCO, Paris, Science Policy Studies and Documents, No.46).

Wang, Y.F. (1993), China’s Science and Technology Policy : 1949-1989 (Aldershot : Averbury).

Aichholzer, G., Schienstock, G. (eds) (1994), Technology Policy: Towards an Integration of Social and Ecological Concerns (de Gruyter, Berlin).

Bernal, J.D. (1962), Science for a Developing World (World Federation of Scientific Workers, London).

Clarke, Robin (1971), Great Experiment : Science and Technology in the Second United Nations Development Decade (United Nations, New York)

Himsworth Harold (1970), The Development and Organization of Scientific Knowlwedge (Heinemann, London).

Lee, H.H.; Tank F.E. (1989) The Socieconomic Impact of Agricultural Biotechnology on Less Developed Countries. (World Employment Programme Researsch , Working Papers, WEP 2-22/WP. 199, International Labour Office, Geneva).

Parthasarathi Ashok (1986), “India’s Science Policy Ideology”, Vijnan Karmee. Vol.20, no.6, June, 1968, pp.6-16.

Rangarao, B.V. (1970), “Regional Development of Science in India”, Science and Culture, Vol.36 July, 1970, pp.365-373.

Ruivo, B. (1987), “The Intellectual Labour Market in Developed and Developing Countries : Women’s Representation in Scientific Research”, International Journal of Science Education. Vol.9 No.3, 1987, pp.385-391.

Segal, Aaron (1987), Learning by Dong : Science and Technology in the Developing World (Eestview Press. Westview Special Studies in Science, Technology and Public Policy, Boulder.(O/London).

UN(1963), Report of the United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology for the Benefit of Less Developed Areas. (United Nations, New York, 6 Vols).

UNESCO(1965), National Science Policies in Countries of South and South-East Asia, (UNESCO, Paris Science Policy Studies and Documents, No.11)

UNESCO(1968), Science Policy and the Organization of Scientific Research in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Paris, UNESCO, 1968, (Science Policy Studies and Documents, NO. 9).

UNESCO(1969), The Promotion of Scientific Activity in Tropical Africa (UNESCO, Paris, Science Policy Studies and Documents, No.11).

Weinberg, Alvin M. (1967), Reflections on Big Science. (The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass).

Yankey, George Sipa-Adjah (1987), International Patents and Technology Transfer to Less Developed Countries : The Case of Ghana And Nigeria (Aldershot, Avebury).

Course Title : Science and Technology in Social Context

Course No. : (compulsory) 602

Faculty Incharge : Prof. V.V. KRISHNA

Mode of Evaluation : 1. Term Paper (40%)

2. Class Seminar Presentation (30%)

3. Book Review (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This course is structured for M.Phil/Ph.D. programme in science policy studies. The course is designed to impart an inter-disciplinary perspective on the relationship between science, technology and society. While it draws on various social science perspectives, particular focus is laid on sociology of science. The content of the course is designed to explore science and technology (S&T) in social context from a broader sociological perspective. The way in which science and technology is conceptualized and analyzed in the literature; and the role S&T play in shaping our society and daily life-world constitute an important feature of the course. Science and Technology as social institutions are going through a process of transformation in the current context of globalization. The way in which this transformation effect our society will also be examined in the course. It will also cover the current notions and assumptions about knowledge production and the understanding of the social shaping of technology. The course will explore both theoretical and empirical material. The course constitutes two components : a) Science as Social Institution; and b) Technology and Society.

Introduction to Sociology of science and technology including some basic concepts

Development of science as social institution; changing relationship between science and society; institutionalization and professionalisation of science; social and cognitive concerns; scientific community at different levels; types of science, scientific communication; social control in science; and science and autonomy questions.

· Robert K.Merton: Mertonian sociology of science covering functionalist perspective in sociology of science; ethos and norms of science; reward system and stratification in science; and other basic insights from the Mertonian perspective for science as a social system and the production of systematic knowledge i.e., science.

· Thomas Kuhn: Kuhnian Sociology of science covering scientific revolutions and ‘paradigms’ in the development of science; influence of Kuhn on sociological writings and empirical studies.

· Bruno Latour and Karin D Knorr and others: Social constructivist approach with a focus on laboratory studies on construction of facts; studies dealing with controversies, consensus and closure in science debates and negotiations; trans laboratory connections and social processes of laboratory research.

· J.D.Bernal and others: Marxist perspectives in the understandings of science and society relations.

· Changing structure of science as a social institution in the contemporary period.

Internalist and externalist sociologies of science; normative and interpretative sociologies of science

Sociological Currents of Science Studies in India (Science and the Wider Society)

· Social history, interactionist and structural perspectives in the analyses of science.

· Science and Culture discourse: covers traditional vs modern science; roots and foundations of modern science in Indian culture covering P.C.Ray, J.C.Bose, M.K.Gandhi, J.Nehru and other important figures.

· Colonial science, national science and the emergence of Indian scientific community.

· Science, Technology and the new social movements; and the public understanding of science including the question of ethics in science.

· Impact of globalisation and implications for a new social contract between science and society.

Some conceptions and definitions of technology; science-technology relationship – has science created technology or vice-versa; functional and dysfunctional aspects or technological optimism vs technological pessimism in society.

‘Technological Revolutions’ and development discourse - What can we learn?: Green Revolution, Information and Blue Revolution, heavy industrialisation and the question of human development; equity vs efficiency, profit etc.

Small technical changes to managing large technological systems: Urbanisation, industrialization and the question of hazards, risk and sustainability.

Antodaya/sarvodaya; technological systems, actor-network approaches in shaping technology and society

Allen R.Francis (1971), Socio-cultural Dynamics: An Introduction to Social Change, New York: The Macmillan Company ( Chapter 7 on “Theories of Change: Economic and Technological”)

Rose, Hiary and Stephen Rose (1970), Science and Society, Great Britain: Penguin Books (Chapters 1-4; and 13)

Stehr, Nico (1978), ‘The Ethos of Science Revisited: Social and Cognitive Norms”, Sociological Inquiry, volume 18, pp.172-197.

Ben-David, J (1978), ‘Emergence of National Traditions in the Sociology of Science: The United States and Great Britain’, Sociological Inquiry, volume 18, pp. 197-219.

Burch, David (1998), ‘Science, Technology and the Less-developed Countries’, in Martin Bridgestock et.al (eds), Science, Technology and Society: An Introduction, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Burch, David (1998), ‘The Scientific Community’, in Martin Bridgestock et.al (eds), Science, Technology and Society: An Introduction, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Schott, T (1991), ‘The World Scientific Community: Globality and Globalisation’, Minerva, 29, pp.440-462.

Gaillard, J (1994), ‘The Behaviour of Scientists and Scientific Communities’, in J.J.Salomon et.al (eds) The Uncertain Quest: Science, Technology and Development, Japan: United Nations University, pp.201-236.

Gaillard, J, V.V.Krishna and R.Waast (1997), Scientific Communities in the Developing World, New Delhi: Sage Publications. (Chapters on Introduction and on India)

Krishna, V.V., R.Waast and J.Gaillard (1997), ‘Globalisation and Scientific Communities in the Developing Countries’, World Science Report (Unesco), Paris and London: Unesco and Elsevier.

Gibbons M., C.Limoges, H.Nowotny, S.Schwartzman, P.Scott and M.Trow (1994), The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, Sage: London.

Nowotny, H., Peter Scott and Michael Gibbons (2001), Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainity, Oxford: Polity Press and Blackwell Publishers.

Ziman, J.M. (1994) Prometheus Bound: Science in a Dynamic Steady State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kuhn, Thomas (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2^nd. Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar (1979) Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scieitific Facts, Beverly Hills, CA : Sage

Mackenzie Donald and Judy Wajcman (eds) (1999), The social shaping of technology, UK: Open University Press. (second edition).

Merton, Robert K (1973)The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.(edited by Norman Storer)

Salomon, J.J. and A. Lebeau (1993) Mirages of Development : Science and Technology in the Third World, USA : Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Visvanathan, Shiv (1985) Organising for Science : The Making of an Industrial Research Laboratory, New Delhi : OUP

*Supplementary reading lists will be given at different periods during the semester linked to class assignments

Course Title : Development of Growth of Modern Science & Technology in India

Course No. : SP 603 (Compulsory)

Faculty Incharge : Prof. Ashok Parthasarathi & Dr Nasir Tyabji

Mode of Evaluation : 1. A term paper on a selected problem (40%)

2. Seminar presentation (30%)

3. Book Reviews (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This is a broad-based course intended for a mixed group of scholars from the fields of physical, biological, and social sciences, and engineering. Its objective is to provide the necessary background for the pursuit of research in Science Policy Studies within the Indian context. Taking an economic history approach, with an emphasis on the factors external to science, it traces the growth of both modern science and technology in India, from the early arrival of European settlers, through the colonial period, and the subsequent four decades of planned industrialization, in the context of a mixed economy into the current era characterized by the determining influences of the forces of globalization and privatization.

Historical development of Science and Technology as components of the Forces of Production. Brief discussion of the scientific industrial, and subsequent technological revolutions.

The process of colonization of the Indian Economy, 1757-1900.

The Science of Empire or the Science of the extractive industries? c. 1784 to 1850.

Initiation and organization of the Survey of India, the Botanical, Zoological, Geological Surveys.

Formation of Presidency Universities and Undergraduate Exposure to Science c. 1857 to First World War.

Artefacts of empire, and of the colonial economy

The telegraph, the railways, extension and modifications to the systems of pre-colonial canals and the road system

The Growth of Industry in Colonial India

The induction of batch processing: Cotton textiles, jute textiles, edible oils, sugar.

Isolated introduction of continuous processes: Steel (TISCO), Cement and heavy chemicals.

Barriers to the introduction of capital goods industries.

Pusa and the initiation of agricultural research

The establishment of the impartial Council of Agri Research at Pusa in Bihar (1929) and the initiation of agricultural research.

National responses: Science popularisers, Mahendralal Sircar, PC Ray, Centres of Excellence (CV Raman, etc.), transformation of Lahore, Lucknow and Daccaq from sites of traditional culture into locations of academic research. Extension of postgraduate training to M.Sc. level. Development of Ph.D. programmews.

National Planning Committee Working Group on Scientific Research.

The War (WW II) Years: A.V. Hill Report and formation of CSIR in 1942. Science and Industrial Research in support of the War effort.

PART II: S&T Since Independence: From 1947 – 1991

Formation of Ministry of Natural Resources & Scientific Research Cabinet in 1947: CSIR + AEC in DSIR

Extensive Agriculture with conventional Agri technology in private sector. Multipurpose “River Valley Projects” in public sector i.e. Dams & Canal Systems. Dam projects done largely on Turn-Key basis by foreign companies or under foreign design, engineering & consultancy.

Steel, Crude Oil Production, Petroleum Refining, Petro-Chemicals, Organic Chemicals, Fertilizers (largely continuous process industries), Heavy Machinery, Machine Tools & Mining Equipment, Heavy Electricals, Telecommunication and its Electronics Base in Public Sector.

(b) Light Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Formulations, Pesticides and Consumer Goods Production in the Private Sector, largely using batch processing technologies

(c) Atomic Energy R&D and Pilot/Initial Plants & Defence Industries also in Public Sector.

Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) set up in 1955. Concurrent generation of growing pool of nuclear scientists and technologists from the Training School at Trombay.

Defence Science Organisation set up in 1958 and a CSIR-like chain of laboratories planned to be built up.

Major reorganization of agricultural strategy towards intensive methods; concomitantly reorganization of research undertaken also changes; & ICAR prepared to absorb adapt & diffuse new, high yielding seed technology

Intensified import substitution not only of products but also of technologies, particularly industrial technologies

National Committee on Science & Technology prepares the nation’s first comprehensive S&T Plan

A Ten Year Profile of Atomic Energy & Space is concurrently prepared and integrated into the overall S&T Plan.

CSIR, ICAR and Defence R&D Organisation are fundamentally restructured in organizational, managerial & programming terms.

Department of Science and Technology and Departments of Electronics & Space with Commission-structures like the Atomic Energy Commission are set up.

A Fundamentally new Indian Patents Act is passed by Parliament replacing the colonial Patents, Designs & Trade marks Act of 1911.

Partial implementation of both the S&T Plan and the Atomic Energy and Space Profiles. Early indications of R&D performance by private sector companies.

The S&T and industrial foundations for the offshore crude oil production programme..

The growth in agricultural output continues apace & much of our agriculture- particularly in foodgrains-becomes “weather proof” and the nation become self reliant in food grains and many other crops on a reasonably stable basis.

Technology Policy Statement enunciated by the Government (1983). New Departments of Non-Conventional Energy, Environment and Ocean Development are set up.

C-DoT is set up to indigenously develop internationally state-of-art digital telephone exchanges and other telecom equipment.

A new Computer Policy is announced in 1984, which launches the Personal Computer revolution in the country.

The national Microchip company, the Semiconductor Complex Ltd goes into production (1983-84)

Approval of the Integrated Guided Missiles Development Programme of DRDO (1983).

Approval of target to achieve a nuclear power generation capacity of 10,000 MW by the year 2000 by the Department of Atomic Energy.

Department of Space launches INSAT and IRS satellites using foreign launch vehicles.

C-DAC is set up in 1989 to develop Super Computers following denial of such computers by the USA even to universities like the Indian Institute of Science.

Percentage of national R&D expenditure to GDP increases from 0.7% in Sixth Plan to 1.0% in Seventh Plan for first time.

Phase III

S&T Since Launch of Globalisation, Liberalisation Privatisation (New Economic Policy in 1991)

Arnold, David, Science, Technology, and Medicine in India 1760-1947. (New Cambridge History of India; III, 5) London, Cambridge University Press, 2000

Baber, Zaheer The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Bagchi, Amiya Private Investment in India 1900-1939 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,. 1972

Basu, Aparna Essays in the History) of Indian Education New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1982

Basu, Aparna "The Indian Response to Scientific and Technical Education in the Colonial Era, 1820-1920" in Kumar, Deepak Ed Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700-1947 Delhi Anamika Prakashan.1991.

Basu, Aparna "Technical Education in India, 1900-1920" India Economic and Social History). Review IV, 4 1967:361-374

Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India : Business Strategies and the Working Classes in Bombay, 1900-1940 New Delhi, Foundation Books. 1994

Kumar, Deepak, ed. Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context (1700-1947) New Delhi, NISTADS, 1991

Macleod, Roy and Kumar, Deepak Technology and the Raj : Western Technology and Technical Transfers 10 India: 1700-1947. New Delhi, Sage Publications, 1995.

Morris, Morris D. The Emergence of an Industrial Labour Force in India : A Study of the Bombay). Cotton Mills, 1854-1947 Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1965

Newman., Richard Workers and (Union in Bombay' 1918-1929 : A Study of Organizational in the (Cotton Mill. ANU, Canberra Australian National University Monograph on South Asia, No.6 1981

Patel, Sujata the Making of Industrial Relations : The Ahmedabad Textile Industry. 1918- 1939 Delhi Oxford University Press 1987

Report of the Textile Labour Inquiry Committee .Volume II-Final Report Bombay ,Government Central Press, 1953

Sen, Sukomal May Day and Eight Hours’ Struggle in India: A Political History Calcutta, K.P. Bagchi, 1988

Swaminathan, Padmini, Technical Education and Industrial Development in the Madras Presidency (mimeo) Working Paper No.106, Chennai, Madras Institute of Development Studies. 1992.

Trivedi, Upendra "Indigenous S & T Generation and Utilization -19th Century Roots and " Continuity" Man and Development IV, 1982; 1 :48-117

Tyabji, Nasir Colonialism, Chemical Technology and Industry in Southern India. 1880- /937 New Delhi Oxford University Press 1995

Tyabji, Nasir "Technological Slips between the Cup and the Lip: Unlearnt Lessons from Inter-War Colonial Madras" Research-in-Progress Papers "History and Society", Second Series, Number (VIII, NMML, published in Economic and Political Weekly XXX( 1995), 30 Also published in Journal of the Japan-Netherlands Institute, VI (1996) : 132-147.

Alam. Ghayur. Research and Developmen1 b}' Indian Industry: A study of the Determinants of its Size and Scope (mimeo) Study undertaken by the Centre for Technology Studies. New Delhi. Department of Science and Technology. 1993.

.Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural National Agricultural Research Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Perspective Bangkok, Research Institutions. FAO Regional Office, 1999

Bhabha and his Magnificent Obsession, edited by G. Venkataraman. Universities Press.

Desai Ashok V. Technology Absorption in Indian Industry New Delhi. Wiley Eastern, 1988.

Directory of Scientific Institutions in India – New Delhi, INSDOC – 1994 3Vols.

In Search of India’s Renaissance : Science and Technology, Chandigarh Centre for Research in Rural and industrial Development, 1990 2Vols.

Indira Gandhi: Selected Speeches on S & T : New Delhi, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Various years.

Indnternational Biotechnology Handbook. London, Euromonitor Publication, 1988.

Jawaharlal Nehru and the Development of Science in India, by Academician N.G. Basov, USSR Academy of Science, New Delhi, October, 1989. In Seminar on Humanism, International Politics and Nehru’s Thoughts. New Delhi, Oct. 24 1989.

Jawaharlal Nehru on Science and Society: A collection of his writing and speeches edited by Baldev Singh. New Delhi, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 1985.

Joseph K.J Industry under Economic Liberalization: The Case of Indian Electronics New Delhi ,Sage, 1997.

Joshi. Padmanabh. Vikram Sarabhai, The Man and the Vision ,--Ahmedabad. Mapin

Meemasi,G.B The C- Dot Story: Quest. Inquest, Conquest New Delhi, Kedar Publications,1993

Nath , N C B, Mishra L, Transfer of Technology Indian Agriculture New Delhi Indus Publishing Company, 1992

Nayar ,Baldev Raj India's Quest for Technological Independence : 2Vol. New Delhi Lancer Publications. 1983

Raj, Gopal, Reach for the STARS -The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme2 New .Delhi, Viking, Penguin Books India (P) Ltd,.2000

Ramasamy K A ,and Seshagiri Rao K. Science, Technology and Education for Development, Chennai ,Nayudamma Memorial Science Foundation,

S.S. Bhatnagar : His Life and Work. by AS. Bhatnagar. New Delhi , Indus Publications, 1989

S.S. Bhatnagar on Science, Technology)' and Development 1938-1954; edited by Y.V. Krishna, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi~ 1993.

Science in, Society A New Social Context. International Symposium Sept 27-29. Jan.1999 A Report Bangalore. NIAS ,1999

Seminar on Humanism, International Politics and Nehru's Thought. New Delhi Oct. 2-4, 1989.

Singhal Arvind & Rogers Everett M. India's Information Revolution. New Delhi, Sage, 1989

Subramaniam C, Hand of Destiny : Memoirs, Volume 2, Chapter 10, "Reorganization of Agricultural Research". New Delhi, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, , 1995.

Subramaniam, C.R. India and the Computer - a Study of Planed Development, New Delhi Oxford University Press, 1992.

Sundram. C.V. et al ed. Atomic Energy in India 50 years New Delhi Deptt. of Atomic Energy 1998.

Swaminathan, M.S. et al. Eds. Biotechnology for Asian Agriculture, Public Policy

The Information Revolution and the Developing Countries : North South Round Table. -Society for Intellectual Development Pakistan UNDP Development Study

Tyabjj .Nasir Industrialization and Innovation The Indian Experience New Delhi, Sage Publication,.2000.

INDUSTRIAL POLICY RESOLUTION. 1956, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Government of India, New Delhi, September, 1956

APPROACH TO THE S & T PLAN, 1973 -National Committee on S & T, Govt. of India, New Delhi, January. 1973.

FIVE YEAR AND ANNUAL PLANS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, from First Plan ( 1951-55) to Ninth Plan ( 1997-98-2001-02), Planning Commission, Government of India.

ANNUAL REPORTS OF MAJOR S & T AGENCIES: Atomic Energy. Space, Electronics, S & T. DSIR, Department of Bio Technology , Department of Ocean Development etc, various years.

Arunachalam V.S. and Sunder Shyam “Free R & D from Bureaucrats”, The Economic

Chandrasekhar S, "Technological Priorities for India's Development. Need for Restructuring", Economic and Political Weekly, October 28, 1995.

Chidambaram R: "Patterns and Priorities in Indian R&D" Current Science, V 01.71 No. 7, October 10,1999.

Mashelkar. R.A. The new millennium 'challenges for Indian Science and Technology, National Lecture July 23, 1999, New Delhi, Centre for Media Studies, 1999.

Nair P.M., "Biotechnology and Hi- Technology in food Production, Processing and Preservation" Indian food Industry, Vol.13 No.1 January/February 1994: 18-24.

Parthasarath Ashok & Singh, Baldev "Science in India: The first Ten Years" Economic & Political Weekly, Bombay, VOL.XXVII, NO.35, August 29,1992.

Parthasarathi Ashok " Appearance and Reality in Indian Science Policy" Nature, London, Vol.221 no.5184, March 8,1969.909-911

Parthasarathi Ashok Framework and Format For Sectoral S & T Plans: A Control Document prepared for the National Committee on S & T (NCST), Government of India Special Assistant for S & T to Prime Minister, New Delhi, March, 1972.

Parthasarathi Ashok Science Policy or Technology Policy -A Question of Priorities. Paper prepared for the Science and Public Policy Seminar at the Department of Political Science R. T .T ., USA, December, 1977, when the author was working in the Department as a Caranegie fellow.

Parthasarathi Ashok " India's Efforts to Build an Autonomous Capacity in Science and Technology for Development" Paper prepared for the Seminar on Autonomous capabilities for S & T ill the Developing Countries in Uppsala (Saweden) Subsequently published in Development Dialogue No.11979, Uppsala (Sweden). : 46-59.

Parthasarathi Ashok Technological Bridgeheads for Self-Reliant Development. Paper prepared for the Seminar on. Autonomous capabilities for S & T in the Developing

.Countries in Uppsala (Saweden) Subsequently published in Development Dialogue No.11979, Uppsala (Sweden). Also published in Ramashray Roy (Ed.) Politics of International Economic Relations. New Delhi, Ajanta Publications, 1982

Parthasarathi Ashok "Acquisition and Development of Technology the Indian Experience" Economic and Poli1ical Weekly, Vol.XXII No.48, November 28, 1987; Journal of the Research Centre for Cooperation Among Developing Countries, Vol.III No.5 December, 1987.

Parthasarathi Ashok "S & T in India's Search for A Sustainable and Equitable Future" World Development. Winter, 1989.

Parthasarathi Ashok For India "IT" is "India's Tomorrow" A Software Super Power Emerges Paper prepared for and presented at UNDP Regional Symposium "Jobs in the Information Society of the 21^st Century" Damascus, Syria April 2722-29, ]999.

Pitroda, Sam "Making Technology Work". India International Centre Quarterly Spring 1988, 11-22.

A. Rahman, "Congress Resolution on Science and Technology," Paper presented for the Study Group on Scieltific Research. New Delhi 1958.

Sarabhai Vikram , " Approaches to the Administration of Scientific Organisations", Chapter II of the Report of the Study Team on Scientific Departments of the Administrative Reforms Commission. ] 968

Udganokar B.M. Science, Technology and Economic Development Bombay Indian Merchants' Chamber, Economic Research & Training Foundation, 1985