Courses

Course Title : Analysis in Science & Technology Policy

Course No. : SP 601 (compulsory)

Faculty Incharge : Dr. Pranav N. Desai

Mode of Evaluation : 1. A term paper on a selected problem (40%)

2. Seminar presentation (30%)

3. Book Reviews (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This course has been designed to cater to the needs of research scholars at advanced level preparing for their doctoral thesis in the area of science policy studies and serves variety of purposes. It exposes students to various socioeconomic and political dimensions of S&T,and at the same time through applied skills, seeks to solve social problems. It has been conceived under certain assumptions as : Science and technology have, in modern times become a force of almost all-pervasive character. This realization is being reflected in the accelerated growth of funding, human resource and activities of scientific enterprise since the fifties. The issues involving S&T have been appearing with increasing frequency on the national as well as international agenda along with emergence of science policy and planning organization. The increasing complexities of science-society-nature interrelationship is not only going to have implications for scientists, administrators and planners of science and science policy analyst but also the common people. The main focus of this course is intended to be on India and the developing countries.

Science Policy Studies in Historical Perspective, Changing Nature of Science, Technology and Society and their Interrelationship, Approaches to Science Policy (Anthropological, Epistemological, Empiricist/Scientometric and Critical/Ethical Approach).

Coordination, Promotion, Regulation, Twin Responsibility for Social and S&T Development

Components and Levels Information and the Role of Information Technology Revolution, Integration of Objectives, Evaluation of Priorities, Taxonomy of S&T Organization, Concepts & Historical Perspective on Technology Assessment and Forecasting (TATF). Role of TATF, Relevance of TATF to the Developing Countries, Ethical Issues and Overall Socioeconomic TATF.

4. Political Dimensions of Science Policy Structure in India Evaluation of Apex Science Policy Body, S&T in Parliament, State S&T Councils

Determinants, Evolution of Innovation Policy, Generation, Selection Absorption and Diffusion of Technology

6. Interaction between S&T and Economic Polices, Sectoral Policies such as Agriculture, Industry, Health and Environment, Defense, Space, Ocean, Etc., S&T Plans.

8. International Cooperation & Competition Rationale, Types of S & T Cooperation, Current Issues (International Patent Regime, WTO, Labour Standards, Convention on Biodiversity, etc.).

9. A Comparative Perspective on Science Policies and Strategies S & T Policies in Major Developed Countries, Issues and Trends in Developing Countries

10. S&T Policy Instruments and Implementation Science Policy Resolution(1958) Technology Policy Statement (1983), A Draft Paper for New Technology Policy (1993), Technology Mission.

Bastos, Maria-Ines(1996), “Science and Technology Policies in Developing Countries : A Political Analysis of Latin American Practice and Prospects”, Science, Technology and Society, Vol.1 No.2, July-December 1996, pp.225-247.

Bhagavan, M.R. (1990), Technological Advance in the Third World: Strategies and Prospects (Zed Books Ltd. London)

Caldwell Lynton Keith (1984), International Environmental Policy: Emergence and Dimensions (Duke Press Policy Studies, Durham, North Carolina).

Cooper, Charles (1978) Science, Technology and Development: The Political Economy of Technological Advance in Underdeveloped Countries (Frank Crass, London).

Desai P.N. (1982), “Administration of International Cooperation in Indian Agricultural Research” Agricultural Administration (Applied Science Publishers Ltd., London, Vol. 10, No.1, May 1982), pp. 12-22.

Desai P.N. (1990), Regional Perspective on Science, Technology and Industrial Development in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab” Technology for Development : Perspective on Northern India. Vol. 1 edited by S. B. Rangnekar et al (CRRID, Chandigarh, 1990), pp. 10-16.

Desai P.N. (1993), “Ocean Resource Planning”, Yojana (Ministry of Information & Broadcasting , New Delhi, July 31, 1993), pp.6-7.

Desai P.N. (1997), Science Technology and International Cooperation (Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi).

Giovanni Dosi et al (eds) (1998), Technical Change and Economic Theory (Pinter Publishers, London/New York).

Greenberg, Daniel S.(1969), The Politics of American Science (Harmandsworth, Ponguin Books)

Hughes, Kirsty (1988), “The Interpretation and Measurement of R & D Intensity”. Research Policy, Vol. 17, No. 5, October 1988, pp. 301-307.

Iyengar, M.S. (1964), “Some Observations on Scientific policy Resolution and its Implementation”, Vijan Karmee, Vol. 16, No.3, March 1964, pp 3-10.

Juma, Calestous; Ojwang, Jackton B. (eds) (1989) Innovation and Sovereignty: The Patent Debate in Africa Development Nairobi, Kenya: African Centre for Technology Studies.

Mansell, Robin and Uta When (eds) (1998), Knowledge Societies: Information Technology for Sustainable Development (Oxford University Press, New York).

Naidu, P.K. (1967), “Science Policy and its Implementation (Crisis in science policy I)”, Mainstream, Vol.5, No.35, April 129, 1967, pp.29-30, 38.

Naidu, P.K. (1967) “Spotlight on CSIR (Science policy in Crisis II)”, Mainstream, Vol.5, No.36, May 6, 1967 pp. 31-32.

Rahman A. and K.D. Sharma (eds) (1974), Science Policy Studies (Somaiya publications Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, Centre for Studies in Science Policy, Jawaharlal Nehru University.

Rangarao, B.V. (1976), “Evolution of Apex Science Policy Body in India, National Herald, March 3 and April 1, 1976, p.5.

Sheinin Y. (1978), Science Policy : Problems and Trends (Progress Publishers, Moscow).

UNESCO (1979), An Introduction to Policy Analysis in Science and Technology (UNESCO, Paris, Science Policy Studies and Documents, No.46).

Wang, Y.F. (1993), China’s Science and Technology Policy : 1949-1989 (Aldershot : Averbury).

Aichholzer, G., Schienstock, G. (eds) (1994), Technology Policy: Towards an Integration of Social and Ecological Concerns (de Gruyter, Berlin).

Bernal, J.D. (1962), Science for a Developing World (World Federation of Scientific Workers, London).

Clarke, Robin (1971), Great Experiment : Science and Technology in the Second United Nations Development Decade (United Nations, New York)

Himsworth Harold (1970), The Development and Organization of Scientific Knowlwedge (Heinemann, London).

Lee, H.H.; Tank F.E. (1989) The Socieconomic Impact of Agricultural Biotechnology on Less Developed Countries. (World Employment Programme Researsch , Working Papers, WEP 2-22/WP. 199, International Labour Office, Geneva).

Parthasarathi Ashok (1986), “India’s Science Policy Ideology”, Vijnan Karmee. Vol.20, no.6, June, 1968, pp.6-16.

Rangarao, B.V. (1970), “Regional Development of Science in India”, Science and Culture, Vol.36 July, 1970, pp.365-373.

Ruivo, B. (1987), “The Intellectual Labour Market in Developed and Developing Countries : Women’s Representation in Scientific Research”, International Journal of Science Education. Vol.9 No.3, 1987, pp.385-391.

Segal, Aaron (1987), Learning by Dong : Science and Technology in the Developing World (Eestview Press. Westview Special Studies in Science, Technology and Public Policy, Boulder.(O/London).

UN(1963), Report of the United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology for the Benefit of Less Developed Areas. (United Nations, New York, 6 Vols).

UNESCO(1965), National Science Policies in Countries of South and South-East Asia, (UNESCO, Paris Science Policy Studies and Documents, No.11)

UNESCO(1968), Science Policy and the Organization of Scientific Research in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Paris, UNESCO, 1968, (Science Policy Studies and Documents, NO. 9).

UNESCO(1969), The Promotion of Scientific Activity in Tropical Africa (UNESCO, Paris, Science Policy Studies and Documents, No.11).

Weinberg, Alvin M. (1967), Reflections on Big Science. (The M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass).

Yankey, George Sipa-Adjah (1987), International Patents and Technology Transfer to Less Developed Countries : The Case of Ghana And Nigeria (Aldershot, Avebury).

Course Title : Science and Technology in Social Context

Course No. : (compulsory) 602

Faculty Incharge : Prof. V.V. KRISHNA

Mode of Evaluation : 1. Term Paper (40%)

2. Class Seminar Presentation (30%)

3. Book Review (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This course is structured for M.Phil/Ph.D. programme in science policy studies. The course is designed to impart an inter-disciplinary perspective on the relationship between science, technology and society. While it draws on various social science perspectives, particular focus is laid on sociology of science. The content of the course is designed to explore science and technology (S&T) in social context from a broader sociological perspective. The way in which science and technology is conceptualized and analyzed in the literature; and the role S&T play in shaping our society and daily life-world constitute an important feature of the course. Science and Technology as social institutions are going through a process of transformation in the current context of globalization. The way in which this transformation effect our society will also be examined in the course. It will also cover the current notions and assumptions about knowledge production and the understanding of the social shaping of technology. The course will explore both theoretical and empirical material. The course constitutes two components : a) Science as Social Institution; and b) Technology and Society.

Introduction to Sociology of science and technology including some basic concepts

Development of science as social institution; changing relationship between science and society; institutionalization and professionalisation of science; social and cognitive concerns; scientific community at different levels; types of science, scientific communication; social control in science; and science and autonomy questions.

· Robert K.Merton: Mertonian sociology of science covering functionalist perspective in sociology of science; ethos and norms of science; reward system and stratification in science; and other basic insights from the Mertonian perspective for science as a social system and the production of systematic knowledge i.e., science.

· Thomas Kuhn: Kuhnian Sociology of science covering scientific revolutions and ‘paradigms’ in the development of science; influence of Kuhn on sociological writings and empirical studies.

· Bruno Latour and Karin D Knorr and others: Social constructivist approach with a focus on laboratory studies on construction of facts; studies dealing with controversies, consensus and closure in science debates and negotiations; trans laboratory connections and social processes of laboratory research.

· J.D.Bernal and others: Marxist perspectives in the understandings of science and society relations.

· Changing structure of science as a social institution in the contemporary period.

Internalist and externalist sociologies of science; normative and interpretative sociologies of science

Sociological Currents of Science Studies in India (Science and the Wider Society)

· Social history, interactionist and structural perspectives in the analyses of science.

· Science and Culture discourse: covers traditional vs modern science; roots and foundations of modern science in Indian culture covering P.C.Ray, J.C.Bose, M.K.Gandhi, J.Nehru and other important figures.

· Colonial science, national science and the emergence of Indian scientific community.

· Science, Technology and the new social movements; and the public understanding of science including the question of ethics in science.

· Impact of globalisation and implications for a new social contract between science and society.

Some conceptions and definitions of technology; science-technology relationship – has science created technology or vice-versa; functional and dysfunctional aspects or technological optimism vs technological pessimism in society.

‘Technological Revolutions’ and development discourse - What can we learn?: Green Revolution, Information and Blue Revolution, heavy industrialisation and the question of human development; equity vs efficiency, profit etc.

Small technical changes to managing large technological systems: Urbanisation, industrialization and the question of hazards, risk and sustainability.

Antodaya/sarvodaya; technological systems, actor-network approaches in shaping technology and society

Allen R.Francis (1971), Socio-cultural Dynamics: An Introduction to Social Change, New York: The Macmillan Company ( Chapter 7 on “Theories of Change: Economic and Technological”)

Rose, Hiary and Stephen Rose (1970), Science and Society, Great Britain: Penguin Books (Chapters 1-4; and 13)

Stehr, Nico (1978), ‘The Ethos of Science Revisited: Social and Cognitive Norms”, Sociological Inquiry, volume 18, pp.172-197.

Ben-David, J (1978), ‘Emergence of National Traditions in the Sociology of Science: The United States and Great Britain’, Sociological Inquiry, volume 18, pp. 197-219.

Burch, David (1998), ‘Science, Technology and the Less-developed Countries’, in Martin Bridgestock et.al (eds), Science, Technology and Society: An Introduction, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Burch, David (1998), ‘The Scientific Community’, in Martin Bridgestock et.al (eds), Science, Technology and Society: An Introduction, Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.

Schott, T (1991), ‘The World Scientific Community: Globality and Globalisation’, Minerva, 29, pp.440-462.

Gaillard, J (1994), ‘The Behaviour of Scientists and Scientific Communities’, in J.J.Salomon et.al (eds) The Uncertain Quest: Science, Technology and Development, Japan: United Nations University, pp.201-236.

Gaillard, J, V.V.Krishna and R.Waast (1997), Scientific Communities in the Developing World, New Delhi: Sage Publications. (Chapters on Introduction and on India)

Krishna, V.V., R.Waast and J.Gaillard (1997), ‘Globalisation and Scientific Communities in the Developing Countries’, World Science Report (Unesco), Paris and London: Unesco and Elsevier.

Gibbons M., C.Limoges, H.Nowotny, S.Schwartzman, P.Scott and M.Trow (1994), The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies, Sage: London.

Nowotny, H., Peter Scott and Michael Gibbons (2001), Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainity, Oxford: Polity Press and Blackwell Publishers.

Ziman, J.M. (1994) Prometheus Bound: Science in a Dynamic Steady State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kuhn, Thomas (1970) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. 2^nd. Ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Latour, Bruno and Steve Woolgar (1979) Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scieitific Facts, Beverly Hills, CA : Sage

Mackenzie Donald and Judy Wajcman (eds) (1999), The social shaping of technology, UK: Open University Press. (second edition).

Merton, Robert K (1973)The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.(edited by Norman Storer)

Salomon, J.J. and A. Lebeau (1993) Mirages of Development : Science and Technology in the Third World, USA : Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Visvanathan, Shiv (1985) Organising for Science : The Making of an Industrial Research Laboratory, New Delhi : OUP

*Supplementary reading lists will be given at different periods during the semester linked to class assignments

Course Title : Development of Growth of Modern Science & Technology in India

Course No. : SP 603 (Compulsory)

Faculty Incharge : Prof. Ashok Parthasarathi & Dr Nasir Tyabji

Mode of Evaluation : 1. A term paper on a selected problem (40%)

2. Seminar presentation (30%)

3. Book Reviews (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This is a broad-based course intended for a mixed group of scholars from the fields of physical, biological, and social sciences, and engineering. Its objective is to provide the necessary background for the pursuit of research in Science Policy Studies within the Indian context. Taking an economic history approach, with an emphasis on the factors external to science, it traces the growth of both modern science and technology in India, from the early arrival of European settlers, through the colonial period, and the subsequent four decades of planned industrialization, in the context of a mixed economy into the current era characterized by the determining influences of the forces of globalization and privatization.

Historical development of Science and Technology as components of the Forces of Production. Brief discussion of the scientific industrial, and subsequent technological revolutions.

The process of colonization of the Indian Economy, 1757-1900.

The Science of Empire or the Science of the extractive industries? c. 1784 to 1850.

Initiation and organization of the Survey of India, the Botanical, Zoological, Geological Surveys.

Formation of Presidency Universities and Undergraduate Exposure to Science c. 1857 to First World War.

Artefacts of empire, and of the colonial economy

The telegraph, the railways, extension and modifications to the systems of pre-colonial canals and the road system

The Growth of Industry in Colonial India

The induction of batch processing: Cotton textiles, jute textiles, edible oils, sugar.

Isolated introduction of continuous processes: Steel (TISCO), Cement and heavy chemicals.

Barriers to the introduction of capital goods industries.

Pusa and the initiation of agricultural research

The establishment of the impartial Council of Agri Research at Pusa in Bihar (1929) and the initiation of agricultural research.

National responses: Science popularisers, Mahendralal Sircar, PC Ray, Centres of Excellence (CV Raman, etc.), transformation of Lahore, Lucknow and Daccaq from sites of traditional culture into locations of academic research. Extension of postgraduate training to M.Sc. level. Development of Ph.D. programmews.

National Planning Committee Working Group on Scientific Research.

The War (WW II) Years: A.V. Hill Report and formation of CSIR in 1942. Science and Industrial Research in support of the War effort.

PART II: S&T Since Independence: From 1947 – 1991

Formation of Ministry of Natural Resources & Scientific Research Cabinet in 1947: CSIR + AEC in DSIR

Extensive Agriculture with conventional Agri technology in private sector. Multipurpose “River Valley Projects” in public sector i.e. Dams & Canal Systems. Dam projects done largely on Turn-Key basis by foreign companies or under foreign design, engineering & consultancy.

Steel, Crude Oil Production, Petroleum Refining, Petro-Chemicals, Organic Chemicals, Fertilizers (largely continuous process industries), Heavy Machinery, Machine Tools & Mining Equipment, Heavy Electricals, Telecommunication and its Electronics Base in Public Sector.

(b) Light Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Formulations, Pesticides and Consumer Goods Production in the Private Sector, largely using batch processing technologies

(c) Atomic Energy R&D and Pilot/Initial Plants & Defence Industries also in Public Sector.

Atomic Energy Establishment Trombay (AEET) set up in 1955. Concurrent generation of growing pool of nuclear scientists and technologists from the Training School at Trombay.

Defence Science Organisation set up in 1958 and a CSIR-like chain of laboratories planned to be built up.

Major reorganization of agricultural strategy towards intensive methods; concomitantly reorganization of research undertaken also changes; & ICAR prepared to absorb adapt & diffuse new, high yielding seed technology

Intensified import substitution not only of products but also of technologies, particularly industrial technologies

National Committee on Science & Technology prepares the nation’s first comprehensive S&T Plan

A Ten Year Profile of Atomic Energy & Space is concurrently prepared and integrated into the overall S&T Plan.

CSIR, ICAR and Defence R&D Organisation are fundamentally restructured in organizational, managerial & programming terms.

Department of Science and Technology and Departments of Electronics & Space with Commission-structures like the Atomic Energy Commission are set up.

A Fundamentally new Indian Patents Act is passed by Parliament replacing the colonial Patents, Designs & Trade marks Act of 1911.

Partial implementation of both the S&T Plan and the Atomic Energy and Space Profiles. Early indications of R&D performance by private sector companies.

The S&T and industrial foundations for the offshore crude oil production programme..

The growth in agricultural output continues apace & much of our agriculture- particularly in foodgrains-becomes “weather proof” and the nation become self reliant in food grains and many other crops on a reasonably stable basis.

Technology Policy Statement enunciated by the Government (1983). New Departments of Non-Conventional Energy, Environment and Ocean Development are set up.

C-DoT is set up to indigenously develop internationally state-of-art digital telephone exchanges and other telecom equipment.

A new Computer Policy is announced in 1984, which launches the Personal Computer revolution in the country.

The national Microchip company, the Semiconductor Complex Ltd goes into production (1983-84)

Approval of the Integrated Guided Missiles Development Programme of DRDO (1983).

Approval of target to achieve a nuclear power generation capacity of 10,000 MW by the year 2000 by the Department of Atomic Energy.

Department of Space launches INSAT and IRS satellites using foreign launch vehicles.

C-DAC is set up in 1989 to develop Super Computers following denial of such computers by the USA even to universities like the Indian Institute of Science.

Percentage of national R&D expenditure to GDP increases from 0.7% in Sixth Plan to 1.0% in Seventh Plan for first time.

Phase III

S&T Since Launch of Globalisation, Liberalisation Privatisation (New Economic Policy in 1991)

Arnold, David, Science, Technology, and Medicine in India 1760-1947. (New Cambridge History of India; III, 5) London, Cambridge University Press, 2000

Baber, Zaheer The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilization, and Colonial Rule in India. Delhi, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Bagchi, Amiya Private Investment in India 1900-1939 Cambridge, Cambridge University Press,. 1972

Basu, Aparna Essays in the History) of Indian Education New Delhi, Concept Publishing Company, 1982

Basu, Aparna "The Indian Response to Scientific and Technical Education in the Colonial Era, 1820-1920" in Kumar, Deepak Ed Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context, 1700-1947 Delhi Anamika Prakashan.1991.

Basu, Aparna "Technical Education in India, 1900-1920" India Economic and Social History). Review IV, 4 1967:361-374

Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan The Origins of Industrial Capitalism in India : Business Strategies and the Working Classes in Bombay, 1900-1940 New Delhi, Foundation Books. 1994

Kumar, Deepak, ed. Science and Empire: Essays in Indian Context (1700-1947) New Delhi, NISTADS, 1991

Macleod, Roy and Kumar, Deepak Technology and the Raj : Western Technology and Technical Transfers 10 India: 1700-1947. New Delhi, Sage Publications, 1995.

Morris, Morris D. The Emergence of an Industrial Labour Force in India : A Study of the Bombay). Cotton Mills, 1854-1947 Berkeley, Univ. of California Press, 1965

Newman., Richard Workers and (Union in Bombay' 1918-1929 : A Study of Organizational in the (Cotton Mill. ANU, Canberra Australian National University Monograph on South Asia, No.6 1981

Patel, Sujata the Making of Industrial Relations : The Ahmedabad Textile Industry. 1918- 1939 Delhi Oxford University Press 1987

Report of the Textile Labour Inquiry Committee .Volume II-Final Report Bombay ,Government Central Press, 1953

Sen, Sukomal May Day and Eight Hours’ Struggle in India: A Political History Calcutta, K.P. Bagchi, 1988

Swaminathan, Padmini, Technical Education and Industrial Development in the Madras Presidency (mimeo) Working Paper No.106, Chennai, Madras Institute of Development Studies. 1992.

Trivedi, Upendra "Indigenous S & T Generation and Utilization -19th Century Roots and " Continuity" Man and Development IV, 1982; 1 :48-117

Tyabji, Nasir Colonialism, Chemical Technology and Industry in Southern India. 1880- /937 New Delhi Oxford University Press 1995

Tyabji, Nasir "Technological Slips between the Cup and the Lip: Unlearnt Lessons from Inter-War Colonial Madras" Research-in-Progress Papers "History and Society", Second Series, Number (VIII, NMML, published in Economic and Political Weekly XXX( 1995), 30 Also published in Journal of the Japan-Netherlands Institute, VI (1996) : 132-147.

Alam. Ghayur. Research and Developmen1 b}' Indian Industry: A study of the Determinants of its Size and Scope (mimeo) Study undertaken by the Centre for Technology Studies. New Delhi. Department of Science and Technology. 1993.

.Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural National Agricultural Research Systems in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Perspective Bangkok, Research Institutions. FAO Regional Office, 1999

Bhabha and his Magnificent Obsession, edited by G. Venkataraman. Universities Press.

Desai Ashok V. Technology Absorption in Indian Industry New Delhi. Wiley Eastern, 1988.

Directory of Scientific Institutions in India – New Delhi, INSDOC – 1994 3Vols.

In Search of India’s Renaissance : Science and Technology, Chandigarh Centre for Research in Rural and industrial Development, 1990 2Vols.

Indira Gandhi: Selected Speeches on S & T : New Delhi, Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Various years.

Indnternational Biotechnology Handbook. London, Euromonitor Publication, 1988.

Jawaharlal Nehru and the Development of Science in India, by Academician N.G. Basov, USSR Academy of Science, New Delhi, October, 1989. In Seminar on Humanism, International Politics and Nehru’s Thoughts. New Delhi, Oct. 24 1989.

Jawaharlal Nehru on Science and Society: A collection of his writing and speeches edited by Baldev Singh. New Delhi, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 1985.

Joseph K.J Industry under Economic Liberalization: The Case of Indian Electronics New Delhi ,Sage, 1997.

Joshi. Padmanabh. Vikram Sarabhai, The Man and the Vision ,--Ahmedabad. Mapin

Meemasi,G.B The C- Dot Story: Quest. Inquest, Conquest New Delhi, Kedar Publications,1993

Nath , N C B, Mishra L, Transfer of Technology Indian Agriculture New Delhi Indus Publishing Company, 1992

Nayar ,Baldev Raj India's Quest for Technological Independence : 2Vol. New Delhi Lancer Publications. 1983

Raj, Gopal, Reach for the STARS -The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme2 New .Delhi, Viking, Penguin Books India (P) Ltd,.2000

Ramasamy K A ,and Seshagiri Rao K. Science, Technology and Education for Development, Chennai ,Nayudamma Memorial Science Foundation,

S.S. Bhatnagar : His Life and Work. by AS. Bhatnagar. New Delhi , Indus Publications, 1989

S.S. Bhatnagar on Science, Technology)' and Development 1938-1954; edited by Y.V. Krishna, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi~ 1993.

Science in, Society A New Social Context. International Symposium Sept 27-29. Jan.1999 A Report Bangalore. NIAS ,1999

Seminar on Humanism, International Politics and Nehru's Thought. New Delhi Oct. 2-4, 1989.

Singhal Arvind & Rogers Everett M. India's Information Revolution. New Delhi, Sage, 1989

Subramaniam C, Hand of Destiny : Memoirs, Volume 2, Chapter 10, "Reorganization of Agricultural Research". New Delhi, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, , 1995.

Subramaniam, C.R. India and the Computer - a Study of Planed Development, New Delhi Oxford University Press, 1992.

Sundram. C.V. et al ed. Atomic Energy in India 50 years New Delhi Deptt. of Atomic Energy 1998.

Swaminathan, M.S. et al. Eds. Biotechnology for Asian Agriculture, Public Policy

The Information Revolution and the Developing Countries : North South Round Table. -Society for Intellectual Development Pakistan UNDP Development Study

Tyabjj .Nasir Industrialization and Innovation The Indian Experience New Delhi, Sage Publication,.2000.

INDUSTRIAL POLICY RESOLUTION. 1956, Ministry of Industry and Commerce, Government of India, New Delhi, September, 1956

APPROACH TO THE S & T PLAN, 1973 -National Committee on S & T, Govt. of India, New Delhi, January. 1973.

FIVE YEAR AND ANNUAL PLANS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, from First Plan ( 1951-55) to Ninth Plan ( 1997-98-2001-02), Planning Commission, Government of India.

ANNUAL REPORTS OF MAJOR S & T AGENCIES: Atomic Energy. Space, Electronics, S & T. DSIR, Department of Bio Technology , Department of Ocean Development etc, various years.

Arunachalam V.S. and Sunder Shyam “Free R & D from Bureaucrats”, The Economic

Chandrasekhar S, "Technological Priorities for India's Development. Need for Restructuring", Economic and Political Weekly, October 28, 1995.

Chidambaram R: "Patterns and Priorities in Indian R&D" Current Science, V 01.71 No. 7, October 10,1999.

Mashelkar. R.A. The new millennium 'challenges for Indian Science and Technology, National Lecture July 23, 1999, New Delhi, Centre for Media Studies, 1999.

Nair P.M., "Biotechnology and Hi- Technology in food Production, Processing and Preservation" Indian food Industry, Vol.13 No.1 January/February 1994: 18-24.

Parthasarath Ashok & Singh, Baldev "Science in India: The first Ten Years" Economic & Political Weekly, Bombay, VOL.XXVII, NO.35, August 29,1992.

Parthasarathi Ashok " Appearance and Reality in Indian Science Policy" Nature, London, Vol.221 no.5184, March 8,1969.909-911

Parthasarathi Ashok Framework and Format For Sectoral S & T Plans: A Control Document prepared for the National Committee on S & T (NCST), Government of India Special Assistant for S & T to Prime Minister, New Delhi, March, 1972.

Parthasarathi Ashok Science Policy or Technology Policy -A Question of Priorities. Paper prepared for the Science and Public Policy Seminar at the Department of Political Science R. T .T ., USA, December, 1977, when the author was working in the Department as a Caranegie fellow.

Parthasarathi Ashok " India's Efforts to Build an Autonomous Capacity in Science and Technology for Development" Paper prepared for the Seminar on Autonomous capabilities for S & T ill the Developing Countries in Uppsala (Saweden) Subsequently published in Development Dialogue No.11979, Uppsala (Sweden). : 46-59.

Parthasarathi Ashok Technological Bridgeheads for Self-Reliant Development. Paper prepared for the Seminar on. Autonomous capabilities for S & T in the Developing

.Countries in Uppsala (Saweden) Subsequently published in Development Dialogue No.11979, Uppsala (Sweden). Also published in Ramashray Roy (Ed.) Politics of International Economic Relations. New Delhi, Ajanta Publications, 1982

Parthasarathi Ashok "Acquisition and Development of Technology the Indian Experience" Economic and Poli1ical Weekly, Vol.XXII No.48, November 28, 1987; Journal of the Research Centre for Cooperation Among Developing Countries, Vol.III No.5 December, 1987.

Parthasarathi Ashok "S & T in India's Search for A Sustainable and Equitable Future" World Development. Winter, 1989.

Parthasarathi Ashok For India "IT" is "India's Tomorrow" A Software Super Power Emerges Paper prepared for and presented at UNDP Regional Symposium "Jobs in the Information Society of the 21^st Century" Damascus, Syria April 2722-29, ]999.

Pitroda, Sam "Making Technology Work". India International Centre Quarterly Spring 1988, 11-22.

A. Rahman, "Congress Resolution on Science and Technology," Paper presented for the Study Group on Scieltific Research. New Delhi 1958.

Sarabhai Vikram , " Approaches to the Administration of Scientific Organisations", Chapter II of the Report of the Study Team on Scientific Departments of the Administrative Reforms Commission. ] 968

Udganokar B.M. Science, Technology and Economic Development Bombay Indian Merchants' Chamber, Economic Research & Training Foundation, 1985

Course Title : Research Methodology

Course No : SP 604 (Compulsory)

Faculty In-Charge : Dr. Saradindu Bhaduri and Dr. Rohan D’Souza

Mode of Evaluation : End of Semester Examination (50%)

Term paper (50%)

Instruction Method : Class room Lectures and Presentations

The course is intended to familiarize students with certain research and methodological tools in the Social Sciences in order to orient them towards carrying out research in Science &Technology studies and policy. Towards this objective, the course will address different research methods and theories in the social sciences. Besides class room lectures by the concerned faculty members, students will also be expected to make class room presentations. The course is broadly divided into two parts. The first part will deal with qualitative approaches in social science research and in the second part students will be introduced to several skills and techniques in quantitative methods such as statistics, regression analysis and scientometrics.

· Theoretical Underpinnings in Research Methodology: Sociological perspectives of normative and interpretive social analyses; ethnomethodology and anthropological methods; historical methods including porsopographical perspectives etc

· Issues in research methodology: Epistemology, Empiricism, Objectivity in Social Science, Positivism, Hermeneutics; The problems of Induction, Inference and Prediction. Does Science Describe Reality? Concepts of rationality (perfect and bounded rationalities and their relevance in modeling technological change) ; issues of ethics in science in the contemporary period etc.

· Technological determinism, Technological momentum and the Social shaping of Technology.

i.) Data Analysis-Descriptive Statistics: Frequency Distribution, Central Tendency, Dispersion, Correlation. Index Numbers

v.) Regression Equation: Ordinary Least Squares (OLS). Limitations of OLS and corrective techniques.

i.) Game Theory: Normal Form Game, Extensive Form Game, Introduction to games with incomplete information, Application of Game theory in Technology and Innovation.

Selected Readings

Bernard H Russel (2000), Social Research Methods, Sage Publications, London, New Delhi.

Krimerman Leonard I (ed) (1969), The Nature and Scope of Social Sciences : A Critical Anthology, Appleton-Century Crofts, New York.

Trig Roger, (1985) Understanding Social Science : A Philosophical Introduction to Social Sciences, Basil Blackwell.

Rober A. Heineman, William T. Bluhm, Steven A. Peterson, Edward N. Kearny, (1997) (2^nd edition), The World of the Policy Analyst, Chatham House, New Jersey.

Daniel Sarewitz, (1996) Frontiers of Illusion: Science, Technology and the Politics of Progress, Temple University Press, Philadelphia.

Langdon Winner, (1977), Autonomous Technology: Techniques-out-of-control as a Theme in Political Thought, Cambridge.

Arthur Webster, (1991), Science, Technology and Society: New Directions, New Brunswick, New Jersey, Rutgers.

Stephen H. Cutcliff, (2000), Ideas, Machines and Values: An Introduction to Science, Technology and Society Studies, New York.

David J. Hess (1997), Science Studies: An Advanced Introduction, New York, NYU Press.

Steven Shapin (1996), The Scientific Revolution, Chicago, University of Chicago.

Bruce Bimber, “Three Faces of Technological Determinism” in Meritt Roe Smith and Leo Marx, (ed.), (1994), Does technology Drive History, The MIT Press, Cambridge.

Emerging Trends in Scientometrics, by P.S. Nagpaul, K.C. Garg, B.M. Gupta, (1999), Allied Publishers, Delhi.

Fundamentals of Statistics (Volume 1 & 2), by Goon, Gupta, and Dasgupta, world Press, Calcutta.

Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes by A. Papoulis (1991), Mcgraw-Hill.

A Course in Micro Economic Theory by David M. Kreps (1992), Prentice-Hall India.

A Primer in Game Theory by R. Gibbons (1992), Harvester Wheatsheaf, New York.

The Theory of Industrial Organization by J. Tirole (1988), Prentice-Hall India.

Game Theory: A Critical Introduction by S.P. Hargreaves Heap & Y. Varofakis, Routledge, 1995

“A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice”, by Simon H.A. (1955) in QJE, 69, 99-118.

Game Theory and Economic Modelling by David M. Kreps (1990), Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox: G. Gigerenzer and R. Selten (eds. 2001), MIT Press.

Game Theory: A Critical Introduction by S.P. Hargreaves Heap & Y. Varofakis, Routledge, 1995

Learning in Economics: Analysis and Application of Genetic Algorithms by Thomas Riechmann (2001), Springer Verlag, Berlin.

Course Title : Technology Assessment and Forecasting (TATF)

Course No. : (Optional) 605

Faculty Incharge : Dr. Pranav N. Desai

Mode of Evaluation : 1. A term paper on a selected problem (40%)

2. Seminar presentation (30%)

3. Book Reviews cum Seminars (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

This course has been designed to cater to the needs of research scholars at advanced level preparing for their doctoral thesis in the area of science policy studies and serves a variety of purposes. It is intended to equip students with methodological tools essential for S & T planning and policy making and at the same time develop insight into impact of S & T on socioeconomic and environmental conditions and vice versa. It exposes students to various socio-economic and political dimensions of S&T and at the same time through applied skills seeks to solve social problems and helps accelerate S & T development. It has been conceived under certain assumptions such as : Science and Technology, have in modern times, become a force of all pervasive character. This realization being reflected in the accelerated growth of funding, human resource and activities of scientific enterprise since the fifties. The issues involving S & T have been appearing with increasing frequency on the national as well as international agenda along with emergence of science policy and planning organization. The increasing complexities of science- society - nature interrelationship is not only going to have implications for scientists, administrators and planners of science and science policy analysts but also for a common people.

Concept, Historical Perspective on Technology Assessment and Forecasting, Role of TATF, Relevance of TATF to the Developing Countries, Ethical Issues and Overall Socioeconomic TA

Temporal and Sectoral Dimensions, Ideological Dimensions, Boundry Conditions and Core Assumption, Validation and Public Participation

Historical Surveys, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Input/Output Analysis, System Analysis, Morphological Analysis, Cross-Impact, Dynamic Modelling, Brain Storming, Expert Panels, EIA, Risk Analysis

Normative and Exploratory Techniques : Delphi, Data input, Extrapolation of Time Series, Learning Curves, Scenario Writing, Relevance Tree, Innovation Breakthrough Rate, Patent Analysis, Networking Techniques

A P J Abdul Kalam and Rajan Y. S. (1998), India 2020 : A Vision for the New Millennium (Viking, New Delhi).

Arie Rip, Thomas Misa and John Schot (eds) (1995), Managing Technology in Society : The Approach of Constructive Technology Assessment (Pinter, London).

Arnstein, S.R. and Christakis, A.N. (1976), "Perspectives on Technology Assessment", Methodologies in Perspective, (Science and Technology Publishers, Jerusalem).

Ascher, William (1979), "Problems of Forecasting and Technology Assessment", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 13, 149-156, 1979.

Balachandra, R. (1980), "Perceived Usefulness of Technological Forecasting Techniques", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 16, 155-166, 1980.

Bowonder, B. (1979), "Appropriate Technology for Developing Countries: Some Issues", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 15, 55-67, 1979.

Bowonder, B. (1979), "Impact Analysis of the Green Revolution in India", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 15, (4), December 1979.

Bozeman, Barry and Rossini. Frederick A. (1979), "Technology Assessment and Political Decision making", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 15, 25-35, 1979.

Chatel, Bertrand H. (1979), "Technology Assessment and Developing Countries", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 13, 203-211, 1979.

Coates, Joseph F. (1976), "The Role of Formal Models in Technology Assessment" Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Vol. 9, 139-190, 1976.

Coates, Vary T. and Fabian, Thecla. (1982), "Technology Assessment in Europe and Japan," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 22, 343-361, 1982.

Coates, Vary T. and Fabian, Thecla. (1982),"Technology Assessment in Industry: A Counterproductive Myth?" Technological Forecasting and Social Change 22, 331-341, 1982.

Covello, Vincent and Menkes, Joshua (1982), "Issues in Risk Analysis", in Christopher

Desai P. N. (1995), "Technology Assessment in the Indian Footwear Sector", Technological Forecasting & Social Change (Elsevier Science Inc., New York, 48, 177-187, 1995).

Maloney, Jr., James D. (1982), "How Companies Assess Technology," Technology Forecasting and Social Change 22, 321-329, 1982.

Mayo, Louis H.(1977), Monitoring the Direction and Rate of Social Change Through the Anticipatory Assessment Function, (George Washington University Program of Policy Studies in Science and Technology, Washington, D.C., July 1977).

Menkes, Joshua (1979), "Epistemological Issues of Technology Assessment," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 15, 11-23, 1979.

O'Brien, David M.and Marchand, Donald (eds.)(1982), Politics of Technology Assessment : Institutions, processes and Policy Disputes (Lexington Books, D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Mass.).

Rajan Y. S. (1997), “The Institutional Aspects of Technology Assesement”, Workbook for Training in Environmental Technology Assessment for Decision – Making – A Pilot Programme (UNEP, 1997)

Ramanujam, Vasudevan and Saaty, Thomas L. (1981), "Technological Choice in the Less Developed Countries: An Analytic Hierarchy Approach, "Technological Forecasting and Social Change 19, 81-98 1981.

Rescher, Nicholas. (1981), "Methodological Issues in Science and Technology Forecasting : Uses and Limitations in public Policy Deliberations," Technologial Forecasting and Social Assessments (University of California, Berkley September.

Rohatgi, K.and Rohatgi, P.K. (1979), "Delphi as a Tool to Identify Future Appropriate Technologies in India," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 14, 65-76, 1979.

Rohatgi, Pradeep (1982), Environmental Dimensions in Technology Assessment for Industrial Development : The Case Study of India (United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP/WA.809/3 19 October 1982, Seminar on Environment Aspects of Technology Assessment, Geneva, 29 November - 4 December 1982).

Stone, Harold A. and Turoff, Murray (eds.) (1975), The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications (Addison-Wesley Pubishing Company, Advanced Book Program, Reading, Massachusetts).

Ayres, Rober U. (1969), Technology Forecasting and Long-Range Planning (New York: McGraw-Hill).

Bowonder, B. (1981), Environmental Risk Assessment Issues in the Third World", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 19, 99-127, 1981.

Cetron, Marvin.(1982), Encounters with the Future: A Forecast of Life into the Twenty-first Century, (McGraw-Hill, New York).

Chen, Kan and Zissis, George J. (1975), "Philosophical and Methodological approaches to Technology Assessment ", Journal of the International Society for Technology Assessment. International Society for Technology Assessment, Washington, D.C., March 1975.

Dickson, David (1974), Alternative Technology and the Politics of Technical Change (Fontana Press, London).

Mitroff, Ian I. (1982), "The Philosophy of Modeling and Futures Research: A Guide to Different Models," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 21, 267-280, 1982.

OTA (1994), Perspectives on the Role of Science and Technology in Sustainable Development (OTA, Washington D. C., September 1994)

OTA (1995), Innovation and Commercialization of Emerging Technologies (OTA, Washington D. C., September 1995)

Porter, Alan and Rossini, F.A. (1983), Integrated Impact Assessment (Westview Press Boulder, Co).

Porter, Alan L., Rossini, F.A.Carpenter, S.R. and Roper, A.T.A (1980). Guidebook for Technology Assessmnt and Impact Analysis (North-Holland, New York).

Smits, R. Leyton, J. and Den Hertog, P.(1995), "Technology Assessment and Technology Policy in Europe: New Concepts, New Goals, New Infrastructures", Policy Sciences ( Vol. 28, No. 3, August 1995), pp. 271-299.

Stone, Harold A. et al (1979), "The Use of Structural Modeling for Technology Assessment," Technological Forecasting and Social Change 14, 291-327, 1979.

TIFAC, Technology Vision 2020 Reports (TIFAC, Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi).

Course Title : Innovation Management and Technological Change

Course No. : (Optional) 606

Faculty Incharge : Dr. S.BHADURI & Prof.V.V. KRISHNA

Mode of Evaluation : 1. Term Paper (40%)

2. Class Seminar Presentation (30%)

3. Book Review (30%)

Credits : 3

Instruction Method : Lecture-cum-Seminar

The course is designed for M.Phil/Ph.D. programme in science policy studies. Given the importance of managing innovation in the process of technological change, good deal of focus is laid on understanding various concepts and perspectives on innovation in this course.

It has increasingly been realized and accepted by many that technological change is the main driving force behind economic growth, productivity and development. Till recently the subject of technological change has acquired a good deal of attention by economists to a large exent. Of late, however, new insights have emerged from specialists in science and technology policy, sociology of science, management and development studies on the sources and dynamics of technical change in an interdisciplinary mould of perspectives. Since 1980s, national governments, public and private enterprises in the developing world have turned considerable attention to gain economic advantage in the global markets and tackle pressing socio-economic problems in their respective societies. At the same time, they have laid considerable emphasis on vitalizing their national science and technology structure, R&D enterprises and a host of other institutions related to technological change and productivity. In other words, a relatively new interdisciplinary field of learning and research assumed tremendous importance known as innovation management, of which, technological change is an integral component. The expansion of `new’ and `high’ technological systems and their interconnected nature of operation in the economy further under lines the significance of innovation management.

The importance of innovation management assumes a new significance not only because it is seen as responsible for technological change and productivity gains, but also because the process of innovation and innovative success in enterprises are seen in a broader frame of reference. For example, as in the earlier science policy conceptions, R&D is no more equated with innovation and technological change. R&D is seen as important but one among other institutional, organizational and market related factors in the process of innovative success and technological dynamism. Secondly, in the developing world there is a realization that value addition through technical change and the role of knowledge in the creation of wealth are going to be the key factors in the economy; and much of this ability has come to be seen as emanating from our understanding and managing innovation.

This course is designed to introduce and impart key concepts, perspectives and insights related to innovation management and technological change from an interdisciplinary perspective. While the course draws from important specialties and research areas such as history of technology, development studies, economics of technical change, R&D management and sociology of innovation, the course attempts to combine both theoretical and empirical materials. The courses is designed as an in introductory exercise towards understanding the subject of innovation management and technological change in the Indian context in a comparative perspective.

Meaning and Concepts of Technological Change in Economics: Historical Development

Ideas developed by Adam Smith, Joseph Schumpeter and Karl Marx will be discussed

Technology and Technological Change in the Mainstream Economics: Major Innovation

ii. Meaning of Technological Change, Various types of technological change, concept of technological progress- total factor productivity growth.

Difference between production of knowledge and production of commodity (appropriability, risk & uncertainty, returns to scale)

iii. Darwinian and Neo-Darwinian notion of “evolution” in economics of technological change, concept of co-evolution

(i). National System of Innovation and its components; linking different actors and agencies in the innovation system; role of institutional and organizational innovation exploring industrial districts and industrial clusters technical change and innovation in the small and medium scale enterprises; linking formal institution in rural innovation system; role of tact knowledge.

(ii) Networking and coupling science, technology and market poles as an innovation strategy at the level of science agencies/ specialized sectors, fields, industries etc.

Adboye, T. and Clark, N. (1997) ‘Methodological Issues in Science and Technology Policy Research: Technological Capability’, Science, Technology and Society, 2(1), pp.73-98.

Arrow K. J. (1962) ‘Economic Welfare and The Allocation of Resources for Innovation’ in R. Nelson (ed.) The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, pp. 609-626.

Bell, M. (1984) ‘Learning and the Accumulation of Industrial Technological Capacity in Developing Countries’, In M. Fransman and K. King (eds.) Technological Capability in the Third World, Macmillan, London. pp. 187-209.

Cohen, W.M. and Levinthal, D.A. (1989) ‘Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R&D’, Economic Journal, 99, pp 569-596.

Coriat, B. & Weinstein, O.(2002) ‘Organizations, Firms and Institutions in the Generation of Innovation’ Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp. 273-290.

Dasgupta, P. and Stiglitz, J.E. (1980) ‘Industrial Structure and the Nature of Innovative Activity’, Economic Journal, 90, pp. 266-293.

Edquist, C and McKelvey, M. (2000) Systems of Innovations, Volume 1 & 2, Elgar, Cheltenham.

Fransman and K. King (eds.) Technological Capability in the Third World, Macmillan, London.

Gomulka, S. (1990) The Theory of Technological Change and Economic Growth, Routledge, London.

Hodgson, G.M. (2002) “Darwinism in Economics: from analogy to ontology”, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol 12, pp. 259-281.

Katz, J.M. (1984), ‘Domestic Technological Innovations and Dynamic Comparative Advantage’, Journal of Development Economics, 16, pp.13-37.

Katz, J.M. (1987 ed.) Technology Generation in Latin American Manufacturing Industries, Macmillan, London.

Klein, G. (2001) “The Fiction of Optimization” in Gigerenzer, G. and R. Selten (eds) Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox, MIT, Cambridge.

Lall, S. (1987) Learning to Industrialize: The Acquisition of Technological Capability by India, Macmillan, London.

Murmann, P. (2003) Knowledge and Competitive Advantage: The Coevolution of Firms, Technology and National Institutions, Cambridge University Press.

Nelson, R. (1991) “Why do Firms Differ and How Does it Matter?”, Strategic Management Journal, Vol (12), pp. 61-74.

Nelson, R.R and Winter, S.G. (1982) An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Nelson, R.R. & Nelson, K. (2002) ‘Technology, Institutions and Innovation Systems’, Research Policy, Vol. 31, pp. 265-272.

Nelson, R.R. (1994), “The Co-evolution of Technology, Industrial Structure, and Supporting Institutions”, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 3 (1), pp. 47-63.

North, D.C. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Posner, M.V.(1961) ‘International Trade and Technical Change’, Oxford Economic Papers, 13, pp. 323-41

Ranis, G. (1990), ‘Science and Technology Policy: Lessons from Japan and the East Asian NICs’, in R.E.Evenson and G.Ranis (eds.) Science and Technology: Lessons for Development Policy, Intermediate Technology Publications, London, pp.157-178.

Ray A.S. and Bhaduri S(2001) ‘R&D and Technological Learning in Indian Industry: Econometric Estimation of the Research Production Function’, Oxford Development Studies, Vol. 29(2), pp. 155-171.

Riechmann Thomas (1999) ‘Learning and Behavioural Stability: an economic interpretation of genetic algorithm’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, Vol. 9, pp. 225-242.

Rosenberg, N. (1976) Perspective on Technology, New York, Cambridge University Press.

Rosenberg, N. and Steinmuller, W.E. (1988) ‘Why are Americans Such Poor Imitators?’, American Economic Review Proceedings , 78: pp. 229-234.

Simon, H.A. (1955), “A Behavioural Model of Rational Choice”, QJE, 69, pp.99-118.

Ungson, G.R. et al (1997) Korean Enterprise, Harvard Business School Press, MA.

Williamson, O.E. (1985), The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, New York: Free Press.

Callon Michel, P. Laredo and V. Rabeharaisoa, The management and Evaluation of Technological Programs and Dyanmics of Techno-Economic Networks: The Case of Dosi G., “Technological paradigms and Technological Trajectories’, Research Policy, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1982.

Dosi G., C. Freeman, D. Nelson, G. Silverberg and L. Soete, eds, Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter Publishers, 1988.

Freeman C., “The National System of Innovation” in a Historical Perspective, Cambridge Journal of Economics, 1995, 19

Lundvall B.A. ed, National Systems of Innovation, London: Pinter Publishers, 1992

Nelson Richard R.(ed) National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, New York and London: OUP, 1993

Hobday Mike, (1991) “Innovation in East Asia : Diversity and Development”, Technovation, 15(2)

Kim L., Imitation to Innovation : The Dynamics of Korea’s Technological Learning, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Stoneman P. (ed) (1993), Handbook of the Economics of Innovation and Technological Change, Blackwell.

Utterback James (1994), Mastering the Dynamics of Innovation, Harvard: Havard Business School.

Supplementary Readings

APCTT (1997) Proceedings on Technology Management Education and Training for Developing Countries in ESCAP Region, New Delhi: 1998

Cadene Philippe and Mark Holmstrom, Decentralized Production in India: Industrial Districts, Flexible Specialisation and Employment. New Delhi: Sage Publication, 1988.

Kumar Nagesh and N.S. Siddharthan, Technology, Market Structure and Internationalisation: Issues and Policies for Developing Countries, London and New York: Routledge and UNU/INTEC, 1997

Rosenberg Nathan (1994) Exploring the black box : Technology, Economics and History, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Salomon J.J., F. Sagasti and C. Sachs-Jeantet (ed) (1994) The uncertain quest: Science, technology and development, Tokyo: United Nations University.

Abernathy W.J. and K.B. Clark (1985), `Innovation: Mapping the Winds of Creative Destruction’, Research Policy, Vol14, pp3-22

Arrow K., “The Economic Implications of Learning by Doing’ Review of economic Studies Vol29, 1962(Classic article).

Arvanitis R. and D. Villavicencio(1998) Comparative Perspectives on Technological Learning, (Special Issue) Science, Technology and Society, v3nl (Six Case Studies).

Baraczyk H., H. Cook and R. Heidenreich (eds), Regional Innovation Systems, London: University of London Press, 1966

Bell M. and K. pavitt (1993), Technological Accumulation and Industrial Growth: Contrasts Between Developed and Developing Countries’, Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol2, No.2, Section5, pp.185-203.

Bhagavan M.R.(1997), New Generic Technologies in Developing Countries, St. Martin Press and MacMillan Press.

Cooper Charles (1991), Are Innovation Studies on Industrialized Economics Relevant to Technology Policy in Developing Countries? UNU/INTECH Working Paper No3 June 1991

Desai A. (1988), Technology Absorption in Indian Industry, New Delhi: Wiley Eastern Ltd.

Enos J.L. (1995), In Pursuit of Science and Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa, London and New York: Routledge.

Etzkowitz H. (1995), `Innovation and Entrepreneurship: The Regional Milieu’, November, USA: New York Academy of Sciences.

Fransman M. and K. King (1984), Technological Capability in the Third World, London: MacMillan.

Freeman C., `The Economics of Technical Change: A Critical Survey’, Cambridge Journal of Economics. Vol18, 1994,

Kodama F. (1995) Emerging Patterns of Innovation: Sources of Japan’s Technological Edge, Harvard Business School Press.

Kumar Nagesh and N.S. Siddharthan, Technology, Firm Size and Export Behavior in Developing Countries: The Case of Indian Enterprises’, Journal of Development Studies, 31(2),pp.289-309. 1994.

Lal S.(1997), Learning from the Asian Tigers: Studies in Technology and Industry Policy, London: Macmillan, 1997

Patel P. and K. Pavitt, `National Innovation Systems: why they are important how they might be measured and compared?’ Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 3, 77-95, 1994

Pavitt K., `The Social Shaping of the National Science Base’, Research Policy, v27 n8 December 1998.

Roberts Rhonda (1998), `Managing Innovation : The Pursuit of competitive advantage and the design of innovation intense environments’, Research Policy, 27(2), pp.159-175

Rosenberg Nathan (1982) Inside the black box: Technology and economics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rosenberg Nathan, R. Landau and D. Mowery (eds) (1992) Technology and the wealth of nations, Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Saxenian AnnaLee (1994), Regional Advantage: Culture and Competiton in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Schmoolker Jacob (1966) Invention and economic growth, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Webster A. (1994), `University – Corporate Ties and the Construction of Research Agendas’, Sociology, 28, pp.123-42.

Course Title Dynamics of Technological Evaluation in Indian Industry

Course No. (Optional) 607

Faculty Incharge Dr. Nasir Tyabji

Mode of Evaluation 1. Term Paper (40%)

2. Seminar Presentation (30%)

3. Book Review (30%)

Credits 3

Instruction Method Lecture cum seminar

The course is designed to familiarize students with the analysis of industrial technology, viewed as an evolving system of production in the Indian context

The production system itself incorporates two sub processes: the production of commodities and the associated work (labour) process. The process of evolution of industrial technology, though affected by socio-economic, cultural and political developments, retains an internal integrity. The stages of mechanization, automation, and the ongoing phase of on-line computerization identify aspects of this integrity.

By contrast, the dynamics of technological evolution refers to interrelated processes the evolution process itself as mentioned above, and to the changes that occur. in the qualitative features of this process. These changes take place for a number of reasons. Acceleration, or a slow down, or even stagnation in the evolutionary process in the technology in a specific society or culture may take place due to certain causes. The centre of technological advance may then move to other societies. Alternatively, the agency propelling technological evolution may change, (for instance, from the application of heuristic methods, to the application of science.) Still later, the qualitative features of the evolutionary process might change because of the direct impact of the labour- process.

The subject matter of the course thus comprises of the processes, unique to industrial technology, which define the path of this evolution. Indian experience with the successful development of the pharmaceutical industry, and the relatively disappointing progress with mechanical engineering are important case studies. Equally instructive is the progress of the automobile industry in Japan. They show that identification of both the trend of technological evolution, and the specific stage at which it rests in a given industry at a given point in time, is critical. Both have to be accurately ascertained if effective Government intervention in support of technological development is to be ensured.

The production process as the subject matter of technology. Two subprocesses, the production of commodities and the labour process. Impact on the Indian economy.

Technology viewed at three leve1s. Technology of the epoch, technology of the industry and technology of.final goods production.

Development of the artisan's tools into simple machines. The machine as the key element of the production process The invention of the steam engine.

Organisation of work-system key element of the labour process. Principle of division of labour. The jobber system in Indian industry. Legacy in current industrial relations.

Analysis of the labour process. Taylor, the Hawthorne experiments, the Human Relations School. Toyotaism (Total Quality Management. Just-in- Time )

The system of manufacture using interchangeable parts. Growth of subcontracting and the era of mass production.

Evolution of the production process. Mechanisation, automation, and the ongoing phase of on-line computerisation. The engineering disciplines as the knowledge system of the production processes and the basis for industrial research and development

New methods of organising the labour process within industry. Evolution of the labour process. Adam Smith, Charles Babbage and Andrew Ure Systematic analysis: Taylorism, Fordism and Toyotaism. Knowledge systems of the labour process. The management disciplines

Dynamism in the Indian context The impact of family business, managing agency system and industrial conglomerates on labour management and management of innovation

Technological development as a specialised activity. Impact of market pressure and monopolies on commercialisation of innovation. Evolution of industria1 laboratories.

Concept of the factory as a laboratory. Transfer and diffusion of technology. Embodied arid disembodied knowledge. Foreign collaboration and distortions in systematic technology management in India.

Two mode of development of technology Incremental change and discrete or step- function. Reverse engineering and learning-by-doing. Impact of patents on innovation

Analysis of the production process. The distinction between "product" and process."

(3) Major land marks of the growing stage of interaction between science and technology in production.

The steam revolution, the introduction of electricity leading to the chemical or continuous processing revolution of the late 19^th century, and the scientific and technological revolution (STR) of the post WW II period.

The STR a marker of a millennial change. STR amalgam of chemical and electronic innovations. Problems of leap-frogging in developing countries. Case of Information Technology and Bio Technology in India.

New forms of materials processing. Modifications to the raw materials induced by specific combinations of pressure and temperature regimes. Automation and cybernetic controls. The Indian experience in petrochemicals.

Differentiation in complex products between technological artefacts, technological systems and networks. Transfer of systems and networks between sectors of industry. Case of transfer of Information Technology from the service sector into manufacture in India.

Bagrit, Leon (1966) The Age of Automation: The Reith Lectures. 1964(Penguin Books, Harmondsworth )

Basalla, George (1988) The Evolution of Technology (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge )

Bhattacharya. Sabyasachi and Redondi, Pietro (Ed.) (1990) Techniques to Technology : A French Historiographv of Technology (Orient Longman. New Delhi)

Bijker Wiebe E et al (1987) The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology (The MTT Press, Cambridge, Mass.).

Braveman, Harry (1979) Labour and Monopoly Capital The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century (Social Scientist Press, Thiruvanthapuram )

Dosi, Giovanni (Ed) (1984) Technological Change and Industrial Transformation (Macmillan, London )

Hessen, B. (1931) “The Social and Economic Roots of Newton's 'Principia” in Science at the Crossroads, Papers presented to the International Congress of the History of Science and Technology held in London from June 29^th to July 3^rd, 1931 by the Delegates of the USSR (Foreign Languages Press, Kniga) (2^nd Edition: Frank Cass, London : 1971).

Mitcham, Carl (1944)Thinking through Technology : The Path between Engineering and Philosophy (University of Chicago Press, Chicago) .

Redondi, Pietro with Pillai, P. V. (1989) The History of Sciences : The French Debate (Orient Longman, New Delhi)

Thompson, Paul (1983) The Nature of Work : An introduction to debates on the labour process (Macmillan Press, London Basingstoke).

Best, Michael H. (1990) The New competition: Institutions of Industrial Restructuring (Polity Press, Cambridge.)

Blackett P.M.S. (1968) "Science and Technology in an unequal World" (Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund. New Delhi)

Dubofsky, Melvyn (Ed.) (1985) Technological Change and the Workers' Movements: Exploration in the World Economy Publication of the Fernad Braudel Centre No.4 (Sage, Beverly Hills)

Freeman, Christopher( 1994) “The economics of technical change" Cambridge Journal of Economics X\'III: 463-514

Giedion, Siegfried (1969) Mechanization takes Command: A Contribution to Anonymous History (W .W. Norton, New York)

Gillespie, Richard (1991) Manufacturing Knowledge.: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge )

Gimpel, J. (1977) The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth)

Kaplinsky, Raphael (1991) "Restructuring the Capitalist Labour Process: Some Lessons from the Automobile Industry" in H W. Singer et al (Eds.) (1991) Joint Venture and Collaborations (Indus Publishing Co., New Delhi): 575-605

Laudan, Raphael (1984) The Nature of Technological Knowledge: Are Models of Scientific Change Relevant? (D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht)

Lazonick, William(1990) Competitive Advantage on the Shop Floor (Harvard University Press, Cambridge)

Mantoux, Paul (1961) The Industrial Revolution in the Eighteenth Century : An Outline of the. Modern Factory System in England. Revised edition with preface by T.S Ashton (London)

Noble. David F. (1979) America by Design: Science. Technology and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism (Oxford University Press, New York).

Rosenberg, Nathan (1976) “Marx as student of technology " Monthly Review. XXVIII, July-Aug: 56- 77 reprinted in Rosenberg, Nathan (1982) Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Rosenberg, Nathan et al (1992) Technology and the Wealth of Nations (Stanford University Press, Stanford)

Rosenberg Nathan (1991) “Critical Issues in Science Policy" Science and Public Policy XIII : 335 -346 reprinted in Rosenberg Nathan ( 1994) Exploring the B1ack Box: Technology Economics and History (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge)

Sen, Sukomal (1988) May Dav and Eight Hours' Struggle in India : A Political History (K.P. Bagchi, Calcutta)

Trivedi, Upendra (1982) “Indigenous S & T Generation and Utilization -19th Century Roots and Continuity" Man and Development IV, 1:48-117